Important concepts to review for the whole course

 

 

Carefully study the diagram which compares early development in sea urchins, mammals, birds, & teleost fish.

The final exam will contain a few parts of this diagram, and ask you what kind of animal's embryo it depicts, at what stage of development, what organs develop from cells at locations marked with an arrow. For example, the gastrulating sea urchin picture might be marked with an arrow pointing toward the cells that form the skeleton, and the question asked: "The cells at this location develop into what differentiated cell type?"

The contents of this diagram are very important; Every square centimeter of it should make sense to you, and awaken memories of many concepts, principles, facts, names of structures, fates of cells, and geometries of cell rearrangements.

As examples, could you find examples of invaginating epithelia?
Examples of extraembryonic membranes?
Major differences in gastrulation of birds as compared with frogs?
Similarities in gastrulation in human embryos and birds?
Structures found only in fish embryos, and not in embryos of any other vertebrates?
Differences in the non-living protective shells around embryos of different kinds of vertebrate embryos?

Also review all the photographs, drawings and diagrams that are on any of the web pages for this course. Any of them might be on the final exam.

 

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You should be able to define each of the following terms (see the review questions for the first hour exam.)

Animal pole

Archenteron

Blastocoel

Blastomere

Blastopore

Blastula

Cavitation

Epiboly

Epithelial fusion

Gastrulation

Ingression

Invagination

Involution

Polar bodies

Stomodeum

Vegetal pole

 

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Which part of which germ layer does each of the following develop from?
(see the review questions for the second exam)

Bladder

Brain

Cloaca

Coelomic cavity

Dentin or Dentine Dermis

Enamel of teeth Epidermis

Eustachian tube

Facial bones and muscles

Fallopian tubules

Hair, scales, feathers

Heart

Inner ear

Kidney

Lenses of eyes

Liver

Lungs

Müllerian duct

Melanocytes (or other pigment cells of the skin)

Motor Nerves

Neural Retina

Nose

Oocytes/b>

Optic Nerve

Oviduct

Palate

Pancreas

Parathyroid gland

Pigmented Retina

Post-ganglionic autonomic nerves

Pronephric Duct

Rectum

Salivary glands (three pairs)

Seminiferous Tubules

Sensory nerves

Skeletal muscles

Sperm Duct

Sperm

Thymus

Thyroid Gland

Tonsils

Urine duct (Metanephric duct)

Uterus

Vertebrae

Wolffian Duct

 

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Can you identify each of the following people with an experiment, theory or concept?

For example, you might write

Turing, reaction-diffusion systems
Steinberg, differential adhesion hypothesis
Driesch, regulative development, entelechy

Pierre Curie

Hans Driesch

Alan Feduccia

Bob Goldstein

Ross Harrison

Johannes Holtfreter

Edward Jenner

Louis Pasteur

Wilhelm Roux

John Saunders

Hans Spemann and Hilde Prösholdt

Hans Spemann, another key experiment

Malcolm Steinberg

D'Arcy Thompson

J.P. Trinkaus

Alan Turing

Ernst Weyl

H.V. Wilson

 

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Review the types of symmetry - displacement, dilation, rotational, etc., and be able to give examples of the biological shapes and letters and numbers that have particular symmetries.

Be sure you understand the concept of symmetry breaking of processes that convert something to being less symmetrical than it was before.

What is Curie's principle?

Be able to describe two kinds of methods for breaking symmetry: outside stimuli such as point of sperm entry or direction of gravity, versus mechanisms like Turing's, which work by amplifying random molecular differences.